Which of the following is associated with the concept of suffering in Buddhism?

In Buddhism, the concept associated with suffering is known as Dukkha. This term is central to the Buddha's teachings and is one of the key elements of the Four Noble Truths. Dukkha refers to the intrinsic dissatisfaction or suffering that characterizes human existence. It encompasses not just physical pain, but also the existential anxiety and the transient nature of happiness, illustrating that all conditioned phenomena are subject to change and ultimately lead to suffering.

The other terms do not relate to the concept of suffering in Buddhism. Artha refers to material wealth and prosperity, which is significant within the context of Hindu philosophy but not relevant to the Buddhist understanding of suffering. Bhakti is associated with devotion and love, primarily in the context of Hinduism and its devotional practices toward deities, rather than suffering. Pratitya-samutpada, or dependent origination, explains the interconnectedness of all phenomena and how suffering arises, but it does not directly define suffering in the same way that Dukkha does. Thus, Dukkha is the foundational term that encapsulates the Buddhist perspective on suffering.